Unit 1 page 4-8
joint-stock company p.7: (n)a business which a group of people have shares in the company
Example:nowadays there is a lot of stock exchange because of the joint-stock companies.
Shareholder p.7: (n)a person who has some shares in the company
Example: the shareholders could take decisions about the company
Multinational p.7: (adj) a company that is producing and selling its product in different countries.
Example: macdonalt is a multinational company because it exists in over the world.
Subsidiaries p.7: (n)a company which is owned by a fittest company
Example: A company has many subsidiaries companies in every city, so it can sell its product more easily.
Assets p.7:(n)something valuable belonging to a company and can be used for the payment of company's debts.
Example: the assets of a company could be tangible or not.
Merger p.7:(n)when two companies or more join together.
Example: The merger companies make a consolidated balance sheet in which all their assets are add together.
Acquisition p.7:(n):the procedure of getting something
Example: The acquisition of money nowadays makes the world go round.
Dotcom companies p.7:(n)companies that do most of their business on the Internet
Example: Many dotcom companies made their payments online.
Entrepreneurs p.7:(n)someone who starts from the beginning his business taking on financial risks to make profit.
Example: many entrepreneurs see potential in this market
Industrial p.8 (adj)in or related to industry, or having a lot of industry and factories
Example: He has an industrial background
Stability p.8 (n)when something is not likely to move or change
Example:a period of political stability
Hierarchical p.8 (adj)a system in which people or things are arranged according to their importance
Example: It's a very hierarchical organization in which everyone's status is clearly defined.
Freelance workers p.8 (adj)workers that doing particular pieces of work.
Example: Most of the journalists I know are/work freelance.
Consumers p.8 (n)a person who buys goods or services for their own use.
Example: The new telephone rates will affect all consumers including businesses.
consumer rights/advice.
UNIT 3 pages 23-25
Market p.23(n): an area or arena in which commercial dealings are conducted
example: everyone is dealing with supply and demand in the market.
Opportunities p.23(n): a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something
Example: Increased opportunities for export
Competition p.23 (n) : the activity or condition of striving to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others
Example: The competition for university places is greater than ever this year
Threats p.23(n) : a statement of an intention to inflict pain, injury, damage, or other hostile action on someone in retribution for something done or not done
Example: members of her family have received death threats
Objectives p.23 (n) : something that you are working hard to achieve
Example: Our main objective is to raise money
Resources p.23 (n): usually resources)a stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively
Example: local authorities complained that they lacked resources
Weakness p.24 (n) :a problem or fault
Example: There are several weakness in their argument
PAGE 25
Potential p.25 (adj): having or showing the capacity to develop into something in the future
Example: A campaign to woo potential customers
Diverse p.25 (adj): showing a great deal of variety; very different
Example: a culturally diverse population
Leader p.25 (n): the person or group that is ahead of all others in a race or competition
example: Nora was up among the leaders
Trend p.25 (n) : a general direction in which something is developing or changing.
Example: an upward trend in sales and profit margins
Founder p.25 (n) : someone who starts an organisation
example: She is the founder and managing director of the company.
Unit 6 pages 50-51
Brand: p.50 :(n)a type of product made by a particular company
Example:This isn't my usual brand of deodorant
Promotion p.50 : (n)activities to advertise something
Example:There was a promotion in the supermarket and they were giving away free glasses of wine.
Manipulate: p.51:(v) to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly
Example:Throughout her career she has very successfully manipulated the media.
Corrupt: p.51: (adj) dishonestly using your position or power to your own advantage, especially for money.
Example:Both companies are under investigation for corrupt practices
Global : p.51 (adj) relating to the whole world
example: the green house is a global problem today.
Value : p.51 (n) the amount of money which can be received for something
Example:She had already sold everything of value that she possessed.
Profit : p.51 (n) money which is earned in trade or business, especially after paying the costs of producing and selling goods and services
Example:She makes a big profit from selling waste material to textile companies
Aspiration: p.51 (n) something that you hope to achieve
Example: I've never had any political aspirations.
Quality : p.51 (n) how good or bad something is
Example:The quality of the picture on our television isn't very good.
Advertisement: p.51 (n) a picture, short film, song, etc. which tries to persuade people to buy a product or service
Example: She scanned the job advertisements in the paper.
Compete: p.51 (v) to try to be more successful than someone or something else
Example:It's difficult for a small supermarket to compete with the big supermarkets.
Consumer: p.51 (n) a person who buys goods or services for their own use
Example:The new telephone rates will affect all consumers including businesses.
Bombard: p.51 (v) to attack a place with continuous shooting or bombs
Example:The troops bombarded the city, killing and injuring hundreds.
Commercial: p.51 (adj) related to buying and selling things
Example:The commercial future of the company looks very promising.
Pitch p.51 (n) an area painted with lines for playing particular sports, especially football Example:Supporters invaded the pitch.
Valuable: p.51 (adj) worth a lot of money
Example:These antiques are extremely valuable
UNIT 6 PAGES 59-61
Outsourcing p.59 (v): work out
example: You may choose to outsource this function to another company or do it yourself.
Globalisation p.59 (n): the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale
example : fears about the increasing globalization of the world economy.
Cost savings p.59 ():
Operating costs p.59 ():
Offshoring p.59 (n):the practice of basing some of a company’s processes or services overseas, so as to take advantage of lower costs.
Back office p.59 (n):an office or centre in which the administrative work of a business is carried out, as opposed to its dealings with customers.
Facilities p.59(n):a natural ability to do or learn something well and easily
example: he had a facility for languages.
Labour p.59(n):work, especially physical work
example: the price of repairs includes labour, parts, and VAT manual labour.
Redundant p.61 (adj):not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous
example: many of the old skills had become redundant.
Layoffs p.61 (n):a temporary or permanent discharge of a worker or workers
example: the workforce is on strike over lay-offs.
White-collar work p.61 (adj):relating to the work done or the people who work in an office or other professional environment.
example: denoting non-violent crime committed by white-collar workers.
Immigrants p.61 (n):a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
example: they found it difficult to expel illegal immigrants.
Surplus p.61 (n):
an excess of income or assets over expenditure or liabilities in a given period, typically a financial year.
example: a trade surplus of $1,395 million
Expand p.61 (v):become or make larger or more extensive.
example: their business expanded into other hotels.
Goods p.61 (n):to be desired or approved of.
example: it’s good that he’s back to his old self
Services p.61 (n):the action of helping or doing work for someone.
example: millions are involved in voluntary service.
Backlash p.61 (n):a strong negative reaction by a large number of people, especially to a social or political development.
example: a public backlash against racism
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